Incineration

__** Incineration **__



**Contents **



 
 * 1 Incineration 
 * 1.1 What it is

<span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 140%; background-color: rgb(251, 65, 65)"><span style="font-size: 70%; background-color: rgb(255, 238, 0)"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> Waste Incineration - The <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">process for the thermal destruction of any combustible waste. An incinerator - A  <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">fuel burning appliance that is used to dispose of any material by means of combustion. <span style="color: rgb(255, 104, 102); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span style="color: rgb(237, 2, 2)"> <span style="color: rgb(237, 2, 2)"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> An incinerator uses heat generated from combustion to bake and sublimate waste. Once the waste becomes charcoal, its ashes continuously are removed and more waste continuously fed into the burning chamber. With this process, high temperature, low pollution, and budget savings will result. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(16, 244, 76)"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">
 * <span style="color: rgb(237, 2, 2)"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">1.2 <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">Process of Incineration
 * <span style="color: rgb(19, 142, 11)"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">2 Economics

<span style="color: rgb(19, 142, 11)"> The country of France, in the year 2003 paid incineration costs of an all time high of 750 Million Euros. The country's 130 incineration plants had treated nearly 12.6 Megatons of non-dangerous waste.

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 * <span style="color: rgb(0, 41, 250)"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">3 Controversy

<span style="color: rgb(0, 41, 250)"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">3.1 Pollution

<span style="color: rgb(0, 41, 250)"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Some people think that when you burn waste you destroy it. This is wrong. When you burn rubbish it doesn’t go away, it changes into something else. Incinerators change waste into: (1) toxic gases (poison in the air) and tiny bits float into the air and make it dirty (air pollution) (2) toxic ash and other left-over pieces, which must be buried underground, can make nearby soil and water dirty or poisonous (soil and air pollution).

__**Air Pollution**__ All types of incinerators cause some air pollution. One incinerator can put as many as 190 different chemicals into the air. Many of these chemicals are very dangerous to our health. Some chemicals can cause cancer.

<span style="color: rgb(0, 41, 250)">Incinerators are also known to create and release harmful chemicals called dioxins. People who have been exposed to high levels of dioxin have developed chloracne, a skin disease marked by severe acne-like pimples. Studies have also shown that chemical workers who are exposed to high levels of dioxins have an increased risk of cancer. Other studies of highly exposed populations show that dioxins can cause reproductive and developmental problems, and an increased risk of heart disease and diabetes. More research is needed to determine the long-term effects of low-level dioxin exposures on cancer risk, immune function, and reproduction and development.

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<span style="color: rgb(251, 131, 35)"> <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">3.2 Arguments for //and// against incineration

<span style="color: rgb(251, 131, 35)"><span style="background-color: rgb(34, 26, 244)"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">__**Arguments for**__ • The concerns over the health effects of dioxin and furan emissions have been significantly lessened by advances in emission control designs. Also, new governmental regulations have resulted in large reductions in the amount of dioxins and furans emissions. • Incineration plants generate electricity and heat that can substitute power plants powered by other fuels at the regional electric and district heating grid, and steam supply for industrial customers. • The bottom ash residue remaining after combustion has been shown to be a non-hazardous solid waste that can be safely landfilled or recycled as construction aggregate. • In densely populated areas, finding space for additional landfills is becoming increasingly difficult. • Fine particles can be efficiently removed from the flue gases with baghouse filters. Although approximately 40 % of the incinerated waste in Denmark was incinerated at plants with no baghouse filters, measurements by the Danish Environmental Research Institute showed that incinerators were only responsible for approximately 0.3 % of the total domestic emissions of particulate smaller than 2.5 micrometres (PM2.5) to the atmosphere in 2006. • Incineration of municipal solid waste avoids the release of methane. Every ton of MSW incinerated, prevents about one ton of carbon dioxide equivalents from being released to the atmosphere. • Incineration of medical waste and sewage sludge produces an end product ash that is sterile and non-hazardous

<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive">__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Arguments against **__ • The fly ash, one of the residues generated in the combustion of coal, must be safely disposed of. • There are still concerns by many about the health effects of dioxin and furan emissions into the atmosphere from old incinerators. • Incinerators emit varying levels of heavy metals such as vanadium, manganese, chromium, nickel, arsenic,mercury, lead and cadmium, which can be toxic at very minute levels. • Alternative technologies are available or in development such as Mechanical Biological Treatment, Anaerobic Digestion (MBT/AD), Autoclaving or Mechanical Heat Treatment (MHT) using steam or Plasma arc gasification PGP, or combinations. • Building and operating an incinerator requires long contract periods to recover initial investment costs, causing a long term lock-in. • Incinerators produce fine particles in the furnace. Even with modern particle filtering of the flue gases, a fraction of these are emitted to the atmosphere. As an example, the baghouse filters in an incineration plant planned for erection in the UK, are only specified to capture 65-70 % particulate smaller than 2.5 micrometres (PM2.5), if filtration in the filter cake is not accounted for. • PM2.5 is not separately regulated in the European Waste Incineration Directive, even though they are suspected to be linked to infant mortality in the UK, and PM2.5 emissions from local incinerators to be a significant PM2.5 source here <span style="color: rgb(246, 9, 9)"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">3.3 Use of energy <span style="color: rgb(246, 9, 9)"> Energy is a big part of the argument for incineration these days. Many types of incinerators being built today are types called "Waste-To-Energy Incinerators". Heat from incinerators can be used to produce steam, which in turn is used to power many machines, such as turbines. These turbines can be used to produce energy as electricity, or to be used for district heating. The typical amount of energy that can be produced using a ton municipal waste, is about 2/3 MWh of electricity and 2 MWh of district heating. So, if you were to incinerate 600 metric tons of waste, you would produce about 17 MegaWatts of electrical power and 1200 MWh district heating each day. <span style="color: rgb(205, 255, 26)"><span style="color: rgb(246, 9, 9)">"Electricity-only" incinerators waste about 80% of their total energy. A mid-sized incinerator will simply throw away over 100 megawatts of heating power, heat that could be used.
 * <span style="color: rgb(0, 3, 224)"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">4 Different models of incinerators

<span style="color: rgb(0, 3, 224)">Incinerators can come in all shapes and sizes; from a simple industrial barrel in an alley, to a million-dollar megaton fire-beast used in a highly productive factory. Regardless of where they are or how big they are, most incinerators burn the same things: waste. The only real difference is what comes out of incinerators. Obviously, the larger the incinerator, the larger the input of waste, the larger creation of hazardous ashes and chemicals. Also, what you put into an incinerator matters. Incinerating plastics releases chemicals, petroleum, and fossil fuels used in the manufacturing process into the atmosphere, adding to greenhouse gas emissions. >    <span style="color: rgb(3, 155, 7)"><span style="color: rgb(2, 157, 17)"><span style="color: rgb(59, 243, 53)"><span style="color: rgb(0, 168, 0)"> <span style="color: rgb(10, 133, 148)"> Incineration has been proven to be much more expensive then most other forms of bottle disposal, yet incineration has many fantastic outcomes to it, such as electricity. Also, because of their high energy content, forms of plastics such as plastic bottles can help the entire waste mix burn hotter and more completely in a waste-to-energy incinerator.
 * <span style="color: rgb(3, 155, 7)"><span style="color: rgb(59, 243, 53)"><span style="color: rgb(0, 168, 0)"><span style="color: rgb(2, 157, 17)"><span style="color: rgb(10, 133, 148)">5 Comparison of incineration to other forms of bottle disposal

<span style="color: rgb(10, 133, 148)"> On the darker side of incineration. Over the world people are choosing to drink water bottles because they see it as a fashionable or healthier option to drinking water. About 65% of all the water bottles that are used, 2.7 millions tons of plastic are used to bottle water each year, ends up in landfills because they are not recicled. plastic #3 (polyvinyl chloride/PVC), which can leach hormone-disrupting chemicals into the liquids they are storing, is a bad choise of plastic because it will release synthetic carcinogens into the environment when incinerated. There are healthier plastic out there however, that will not harm the environment when incinerated. **<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">

<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">Waste Management Practices, 1960-2005 ** *Assumes 30% recovery in 2000 and 32% recovery in 2005. <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">[|http://darinotte.blog.ca/2008/02/16/arguments_for_and_against_garbage_incine~3736086] <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">http://www.groundwork.org.za/Pamphlets/incinerationff.htm <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"> http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/dioxins/index.cfm http://www.mindfully.org/Plastic/Incineration-For-Energy.htm http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6418864.html <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">http://www.bcrc.cn/download/meetings/reg1999bj-1/ch08.pdf http://cbll.net/weblog/cat/mof/25/Incineration-Debate <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">http://www.education.theage.com.au/pagedetail.asp?intpageid=1584&strsection=students&intsectionid=0 <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">http://environment.about.com/od/healthenvironment/a/plastic_bottles.htm Graph http://www.zerowasteamerica.org/Statistics.htm <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">**__Members__** Nate H. Connor C. Gabe L. Nafis D.
 * < ||< 1960 ||< 1970 ||< 1980 ||< 1990 ||< 1995 ||< 2000* ||< 2005* ||
 * < Wasted General ||< 100% ||< 100% ||< 100% ||< 100% ||< 100% ||< 100% ||< 100% ||
 * < Recycled/Composted ||< 6.5% ||< 6.6% ||< 9.6% ||< 16.2% ||< 26% ||< 30% ||< 32% ||
 * < Incinerated ||< 30.6% ||< 20.7% ||< 9.0% ||< 15.5% ||< 16.8% ||< 16.7% ||< 15.9% ||
 * < Landfilled ||< 63% ||< 72.6% ||< 81.4% ||< 68.3% ||< 5732% ||< 53.3% ||< 52.1% ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">6 External links